softkills bahasa inggris 1 : reported speech

Nama : Putri Komala Desi

Kelas  : 1EA07

Npm   : 17213016

TUGAS

Reported Speech

 Indirect Speech (also referred to as ‘reported speech’) refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. 

1. If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original..

      For example:

• He said the test was difficult.
• She said she watched TV every day.
• Jack said he came to school every day. 

 2. If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.

For example:

• He says the test is difficult.
• She has said that she watches TV every day.
• Jack will say that he comes to school every day. 

3. If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.

       For example:The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers

When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.

For example:

• She said, “I want to bring my children.” BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, “My wife went with me to the show.” BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.

It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.

      For example:

• She said, “I want to bring my children tomorrow.” BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, “My wife went with me to the show yesterday.” BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before. 

Indirect Questions

When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using ‘if’. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.

        For example:

• She asked, “Do you want to come with me?” BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, “Where did you go last weekend?” BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, “Why are you studying English?” BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

 Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect. Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, “why do you come late.“	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“	He ordered me to didn’t bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?”	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, “Does she want to mary me?”	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, “why do you come late?”	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, “what does she eat?”	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, “when did you come?”	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, “who are you?”	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, “who is she?”	He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

 Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

 Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

  

3. Perubahan Pronoun

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

• Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

• Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

• Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next …	The … after The following …
05	Last …	The … before The Previous …
06	… ago	… before … earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.

Compound sentence

Pengertian Compound Sentence

Compound sentence adalah sentence type (tipe kalimat) yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih independent clause atau simple sentence.

Pada compound sentence, pikiran pada dua atau lebih independent clause tersebut dihubungkan dengan tingkat kepentingan yang setara.

Tipe kalimat yang lain yaitu: simple, complex, dan compound-complex sentence. Dengan memahami berbagai tipe kalimat, akan sangat membantu dalam memberikan variasi kalimat pada sebuah tulisan. 

Conjunction dan Punctuation pada Compound Sentence

Untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih independent clause di dalam compound sentence, dapat digunakan coordinate conjunction, conjunctive adverb, atau semicolon (titik koma) saja. Walaupun dihubungkan oleh conjunction atau semicolon, masing-masing independent clause tersebut sesungguhnya dapat berdiri sendiri.

·         Coordinate Conjunction

Coordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS). Tanda baca koma digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung ini.

Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Coordinate Conjunction:

He didn’t come last night, for he fell asleep. (Dia tidak datang semalam karena dia terlelap.)

Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel bangun jam 5 dan mereka pergi ke sekolah jam setengah 7.)

Please reconsider, so you will not regret oneday. (Tolong pertimbangan kembali  sehingga kamu tidak menyesalinya suatu hari nanti.)

Karena masing-masing klausa tersebut dapat berdiri sendiri, kadang-kadang coordinate conjunction tidak mampu menunjukkan hubungan yang cukup spesifik/logis, khususnya conjunction “and”.

·         Conjunctive Adverb

Conjunctive adverb atau adverbial conjunction merupakan kata yang berfungsi baik sebagai adverb maupun conjunction. Tanda baca semicolon (titik koma) dan koma biasa digunakan bersama conjunction ini. Conjunctive adverb antara lain: furthermore, however, otherwise, therefore, dan finally.

Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Conjunctive Adverb:

Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore, they’re distributed to our country. (Baik kiwi gold maupun hijau dibudidaya secara luas di New Zealand. Tambahan pula, mereka didistribusikan ke negara kita.)

Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke; however, they’re not utilized properly. (Sumber daya alam Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak digunakan dengan benar.)

Yulia drinks fresh milk and does exercise regularly; therefore, her bones is dense and strong. (Yulia minum susu segar dan berolahraga teratur. Oleh karena itu, tulangnya padat dan kuat.)

·         Semicolon (Titik Koma)

Adapun semicolon sendiri dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause yang sangat berhubungan menjadi satu kalimat.

Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Semicolon:

It’s mine; it’s not yours. (Itu milikku. Itu bukan milikmu.)

Diana looked panic; she’s afraid she runs out of words to say to interviewers. (Diana tampak panik. Dia takut kehabisan kata-kata untuk disampaikan kepada pewawancara.)